英语写作和翻译精讲笔记

　　The education system in Britain

ary education 初等教育，小学教育

Primary education is netpulsory(义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four in Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at the age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pay fees, there are also some fee-paying independent primary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。

ndary education 中等教育，中学教育

Secondary education in Britain is also netpulsory. All the children must receive secondary education after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend netprehensive ndary schools include netprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary modern schools (现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools（公立学校）。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从11-18。大不列颠90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。

er education 高等教育，大学教育

There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford and Cambridge. There is also the Open University which is “open” to all to benete students, mainly adult students. 包括开放大学在内，英国共有90所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。

　　paper 报纸

British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸)， popular newspaper(通俗报纸)， and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。

ity newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, and The Sunday Times).严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。共有5家严肃日报（《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》）和4家严肃周日报（《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》）

lary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun) and 3 popular Sundays(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。共有3家通俗日报（《每日镜报》、《晨星报》、《太阳报》）和3家通俗周日报（《世界新闻报》、《星期日镜报》、《人民报》）

The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司) and its programs

BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（国营）and it is financed from the sales of television licences(出售电视收视证)是英国最大的和独立的广播公司。BBC国际广播电台用英语和其他38种语言播放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的BBC的资金来源于收视许可证的销售。

BBC Network Radio serves（广播网） an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 广播网在英国每周就有3千万听众，每年在5个广播网上播送节目约38000个小时。.

　　Sports体育运动

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

英国人很重视休闲时光，许多国际体育项目是由他们推广开来的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育活动。

2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球（口语叫”soccer”）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，在19世纪得到发展。

3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

英式橄榄球（又称拉格比足球）于19世纪初发明于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是为期5天的康希尔决赛。

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments.

尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年一度的温布尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。

6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.

英国参加田径的人很多，例如伦敦的`马拉松塞，每年春季举行。

7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The most important national event is the Open Championship with the Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.

高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，自从17世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。全国最大的比赛是沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德尔杯职业公开赛。

　　Major forms of art in Britain

1)museums and galleries

The largest and most important is the British Museum最大和最重要的是英国博物馆

2) music

People in Britain are interested in a wide range of music, including classical music(古典音乐), rock and pop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early 1960s a new pop culture—beat（披头士）, emerged in Britain’s Liverpool. It was started by a group of young people called Beatles.

英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。20世纪60年代，一种新的流行文化—披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队。

2) Drama

Britain is one of the world’s major centres for theatre,and its dramatic tradition is reflected in the excellent quality and range of its theatre.英国是世界上最主要的剧院中心，其戏剧传统从其剧院的质量及范围即可看出。

　　Arts festivals 艺术节

The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and takes place for a period of 3 to 4 weeks between August and September.最著名的是爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节。该节在八、九月间举行，历时3-4周。

　　films 电影

In November each year the National Film Theatre hosts the London Film Festival.每年11月国家电影院主办伦敦电影节。

　　Literature and libraries 文学和图书馆

There are several thousand libraries throughout the country,including the great “copyright”libraries,which are entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom;libraries of other universities and learned institutions and the Public libraries.全国有几千所的图书馆，包括‘版权所有’大图书馆。这些图书馆有权免费得到在英国出版的每一本书的样本，此外还有其他大学、研究所的图书馆和公共图书馆。

　　PART TWO The United States of American

lation, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族

1)introduction 概要

①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.

②a nation of gration accounts for a major source of population e are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are netmon in America.移

移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。

2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement

①blacks and slavery

the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。

②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.1863年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865年的《宪法第13修正案》使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960年的民权运动。

ican History

1) The “discovery” of the New World 发现新大陆

①The “first Americans” were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人

②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had disvovered a New Continent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。

③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new efore, the land was named America after him.阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。

2)Causes of the colonization of the New World

Opportunity was a magic word.①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.机遇是一个神气的词。1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。4）许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。

3)The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina. 美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。