2015职称英语考试真题（理工类）

　　单项选择题

　　1、回答题：

Ford

1. Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process--not invention. Long before he started a car company, he was a worker, known for picking up pieces of metal and wire and turning them into machines. He started putting cars together in 1891, although it was by no means the first popular automobile, the Model T showed the world just how creative Ford was at combining technology and market.

2. The company's assembly line alone threw America's Industrial Revolution into overdrive ( 高速运转 ). Instead of having workers put together the entire car, Ford's friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line. By the time Ford's Highland Park plant was humming (嗡嗡作响 ) along in 1914, the world's first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes.

3. The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the $5-a-day minimum Wage scheme, the greatest contribution he had ever made. The average Wage in the auto industry then was $2.34 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that, he also took an hour off the workday. In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education. The Wall Street Journal called the plan "an economic crime" and critics everywhere laughed at Ford.

4. But as the wage increased later to daily $10, it proved a critical component of Ford's dream to make the automobile accessible ( 可及的 ) to all The critics were too stupid to understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn't matter-except for making it possible for more people to buy cars.

paragraph 1__________

's Followers

Assembly Line

's Great Dream

Establishment of the Company

's Biggest Contribution

's Great Talent

2、 Practically all animals communicate through sounds.

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　　3、回答题:

　　The Science of Sport

1. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 metres hurdles (跨栏 ) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员 ) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to mn as fast.

2. Record-breaking in all track events is slowing clown and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what's behind this never-ending improvement in performance? And how long can we keep breaking records? Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds ?

3. Most experts agree that it isn't the athletes' bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete's body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance.

4. Scientists have shown that an athlete's body's needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training programme and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力 ) sports and require a different parathion ( 硝苯硫磷脂 ) to that of a 100-metre sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance.

5. But in any sport, a player's success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance. For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization ( 想象 ) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice.

6. But as science begins to dominate sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge ? What's more, are all these advantages fair ?

Paragraph 2__________

erent sports require different training programs.

nce may be too important today.

ts equipment has been improved a lot.

etes are still breaking records.

t science helps improve athletes' performances.

al training is as important as physical training.

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　5、回答题：

　　So Many 'Earths'

The Milky Way ( 银河) contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life, that's the finding of a new study. It draws on date that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.

A mechanical failure recently put that Kepler space telescope out of service. Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its data have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.

The authors of a study, published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars, with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun, may host a planet that could support life as we know it.

Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth's, but no more than twice that big. The planet also would have to. orbit in a star's habitable zone, That's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as a liquid.

The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more than 42,000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate ( 推算) to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see.

The estimate is rough, the authors admit. If applied to the solar system, it would define as habitable a zone starting as close to the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike (although either might have been in the distant past). Using tighter limits, the researchers estimate that between 4 and 8 out of every 100 Sun-like stars could host an Earth-sized world. These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.

Four out of every 100 sun-like stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean, however, that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a change for life.

The Kepler space telescope has been in service for 15 years.

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　　8、阅读短文，回答题。

　　ng Vertebrate

1 The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates，the pterosaurs, have intrigued pale-oncologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspan from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.

2 Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls，pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing like othe fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger，and with it the wing，could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal's body.

3 The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aero dynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

4 Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal ey speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hair like fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.

5 Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs' hind feet resembled a bat's and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the

mous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances

cture of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relation-ship to bats

il remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight

osaurs were reptiles

　　9、阅读短文，回答题。

　　C.I’ll Be Bach

2 　Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical took Cope 30 years to develop the softwarE. Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.

3 It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever they take out the music that they dislikE. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.

4　Cope built a huge database of existing began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.

5 Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to writE. He continued to improve the softwarE. Soon it could analyze more complex also added many other composers, including his own work, to the databasE.

6 A few years later，Cope’s computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.

7 Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

The music composed by David cope is about ______.

sical music

music

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