定语从句关系词用法
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一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择
■关系词的用法
关系词分关系代词和关系副词.关系代词主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when,where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语:
A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞行的机器.(that指物,在从句中用作主语)
I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school.我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了.(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)
The man who lives in that house is my uncle.住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔.(who指人,在从句中作主语)
The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了窗户的那座房子是空的.(whose指物,在从句中作定语)
There are some students whose questions I can’t answer.有些学生提出的问题我回答不了.(whose指人,在从句中作定语)
He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻.(as指人,在从句作表语)
■关系词的选择
选择关系词可考虑以下四点:
(1)一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等).
(2)二看关系词的句能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why).
(3)三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句).
(4)四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体.
二、定语从句中关系副词的用法
关系副词,顾名思义,是联系先行词和定语从句的词,属于副词。定语从句中的关系副词有三个:when, where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下:
表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例句:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.
表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
例句:The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)
例句:That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略)
上句也可以这样表示:
That is the reason I did the job.
又如: This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature.
关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单,以下注意点不可忽视:
1)“when”、“where”和“why”的`运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分,比较下面的几组句子:
*I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.
*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.
**This is the hospital where my mother works.
**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.
***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.
***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .
2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”,介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如:
Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)
This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)
Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)
有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系,尤其在非限制性定语从句中,常使用“介词 + which”结构,而不使用关系副词。例如:
My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.
At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.
3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。
例如:I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.
He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.
I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.
Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.
有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象,是为了平衡句子的语法需要。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.
4) “that”可活用为关系副词,相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构,尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替,而且“that”往往省略。
I may leave here any time I want to.
During the time I was there I visited him twice.
This is my second time I have come to your country.
5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词,这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用,如:
The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.
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