2022年专八英语考试阅读题训练

有教养的头脑的第一个标志就是善于提问。以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2022年专八英语考试阅读题训练，希望能给大家带来帮助!

专八英语考试阅读题训练1

The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience

By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processesto mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Suchvariations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cellsremained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervousenergy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentialsfailed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methodsrefined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality ofthe impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead toinfluence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance amongnerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as“common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the qualityof the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce,but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidencefor this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field ofthe cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditorysensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneuralcorrelations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemedmuch more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brainexcitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Braintheory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relativelyhomogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.

1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related wouldmost likely have been met with

[A] vexation [B] irritability [C] discouragement [D] neutrality

2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the

[A] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.

[B] similarities in the views of the scientists.

[C] similarity of sensations of human beings.

[D] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.

3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?

[A] Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of thebrain stimulated.

[B] Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.

[C] Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors theyproduce.

[D] Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitativevariation?

[A] Nerve cells. [B] Nerve impulses.

[C] Cortical areas. [C] Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.

答案详解：

1. C. 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”

A. 令人恼火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不对。

2. A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异(差别)。Common currency本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲(普通脉冲)”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点;那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲(普通脉冲)经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。

B. 科学家观点上的相似性。 C. 人类感觉相似性。 D. 神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。

3. A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。

B. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉(感受器)的影响。 D. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。

4. B. 神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注(即第二段)已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似……。”

A. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。” C. 外皮区域(部位)。 D. 神经脉冲空间模式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是 “Leastqualitative variation.”

词汇：

1. mental experiences 精神感受

2. discharge 释放

3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不计的

4. manifold 多种多样的，多方面

5. neuron 神经元/细胞

6. neural (中枢)神经的(系统)

7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的

8. disprove 反驳，反证

9. homogeneous 相似的

10. sensory nerve 感觉神经

11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的

12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层

13. locus 地点，区域

14. psychoneural 精神神经

15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的

16. spatiotenporal 时空的

难句译注：

1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like ashad been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

[结构分析] 句型为such…as 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。

[参考译文] 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。

2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neurontypes; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influencedby these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neuralcircuits.

[参考译文] 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。

3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebralcortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for thatparticular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from theauditory cortex, and so on.

[结构分析] 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is ……。

[参考译文] 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。

4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, andinterconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, theobvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than anyof the minute differences.

[参考译文] 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。

5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity ofrelatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue.

[参考译文] 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。

写作方法与文章大意：

文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。

专八英语考试阅读题训练2

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

习题

1. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that

[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

2. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.

[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society

[B] they might become a burden of the society

[C] they should fully develop their potentials

[D] disabled children deserve special consideration

3. This passage mainly deals with ________.

[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities

[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society

[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children

[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.

[A] is now enjoying legal support

[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country

[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders

[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

全文翻译

特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。

虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的`家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。

任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。

“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。

重点句

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.

该句意义：

在该句中使用“mirror”这个比喻，即借用镜子会反映真实反映情况的东西这一特征，进而说明教育是社会的镜子，即可以从教育这个角度看一个社会的全貌。凡是教育类的写作，皆可以应用该句子，直接带入写作中。

该句语法：

(1)介词短语做后置定语：in any society

(2) 介词短语做前置状语省略逗号：In that minor，本应有逗号，但是在该句中省略。

(3)平行结构中三者以上并列：the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values

(4)反身代词做同位语：itself=culture

习题答案

答案：ACDA

Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.

1.第二段作者引用舞台主角的例子目的是为了说明______。

[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

[A] 特殊儿童的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系

[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

[B] 与正常儿童相比，特殊儿童受到的家庭影响更大

[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

[C] 家庭和社会最感兴趣的是特殊儿童

[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

[D] 社会的需要比特殊儿童的需要重要得多

reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.

2.特殊儿童在教育上得到很多关注的原因是___________。

[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society

[A] 他们有望成为社会领袖

[B] they might become a burden of the society

[B] 他们有可能成为社会负担

[C] they should fully develop their potentials

[C] 他们应该充分发挥自己的潜力

[D] disabled children deserve special consideration

[D] 残疾儿童值得特殊关注

passage mainly deals with__.

3.文章的主要内容是_________。

[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities

[A] 孩子在学习能力上的差异

[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society

[B] 现代社会中特殊儿童的定义

[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children

[C] 为特殊儿童设的特殊教育项目

[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

[D] 使教育适应特殊儿童的特点的必要性

4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.

4.从文章可知，对特殊儿童教育的关注_________。

[A] is now enjoying legal support

[A] 正受到法律的支持

[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country

[B] 与本国传统不符

[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders

[C] 被国家创立者明确地表达出来

[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

[D] 将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响

专八英语考试阅读题训练3

The Young Generation

Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.

The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced dn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?

These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admitit—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?

1. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?

[A] Better educated. [B] More money and freedom.

[C] Independence. [D] Hard work.

2. What so the young reject most?

[A] Values. [B] The assumption of the elders.

[C] Conformity. [C] Conventional ideas.

3. Why do the young stress on the present?

[A] They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.

[B] They dislike the past.

[C] They think the present world is the best.

[D] They are afraid of destruction.

4. What can the old learn from the young generation?

[A] Enjoyment is not sinful. [B] People should have more leisure time.

[C] Men might enjoy life. [D] One should enjoy one’s work.

答案详解：

1. D. 艰苦工作。这在第一段中第四句“青年一代受了更好教育，有大量的钱话，有更多的自由。他们成长的很快，不那么依赖于父母，他们独立思考得更多，不盲目接受老一代的理想……。”

A. 受更好的教育。 B. 更多的钱和自由。 C. 独立性。这三项均提及到。

2. C. 顺从。第二段集中讲到这一点。“因为老人们经常认为自己懂得多，理由就是他们经历得多。他们不喜欢自己的价值观受到怀疑或威胁。而这正是青年在做的。他们对老人们的设想提出疑问，打乱他们的自鸣得意。他们甚至敢于怀疑老一代创造了世界上可能最佳的社会。他们最反对的莫过于顺从。例如：他们说办公时间就是强制奴役，如果人们完全自由，绝对负责，他们的工作不会更好吗?而穿衣呢?谁说世界上所有的男人都该穿单调的灰色西装和剪成像罪犯似的短发?……。”这些词语都表示他们最反对的东西是遵从，“一致性”。所以

A. 价值。 B. 长者的设想。 D. 传统习俗观念。都是具体的某一点。

3. A. 他们在炸弹的阴影下成长。第三段倒数第四句起“由于年轻人是在炸弹战争的阴影下成长壮大：在不断受到全面歼灭的威胁之下，所以也只能期望他们重视目前。这是他们的光荣遗产。他们经常询问赠给他们遗产的这代人的头脑是否清醒。对此我们能表示惊讶吗?”遗产指的是第二段的种种问题所体现出来的东西，如：“谁说人类之差异能通过常规政策或暴力手段予以很好的解决?为什么老一代人常用暴力来解决他们的问题?为什么他们(老一代)个人生活那么不愉快。老有负罪感?为什么老纠缠于要积聚越来越多的物质财富?……。”

B. 他们不喜欢过去。 C. 他们认为现世界是最好的。 D. 他们害怕破坏。

4. A. 享受不是犯罪。这在第三段中间“老年人——如果他们准备承认的话——可以从他们的孩子们那里学到一两件事。他们能学的最大的课堂之一是享受不是犯罪。”“享受”是人可适用于生活各个方面的原则。从工作中获得乐处，享受闲暇时间，肯定不是错误。抛弃约束限制，生活在现在而不是生活在过去肯定也不是错。

B. 人们应有更多的闲暇。 C. 人可以享受生活。 D. 一个人应当享受工作。

词汇：

1. reminder 使共回想起某事的东西，提示者

2. complacency 自鸣得意，自满情结

3. take leave 擅自，任意，随意

I took leave to consider this matter settled. 请原谅我认为这事已经解决了。

4. conformity 与……一致，遵从

5. guilt 有罪，内疚

6. ridden (ride 的过去分词)受……支配的，受……压迫

7. guilt-ridden 负罪感

8. amass 积累，积聚

9. a rat-race 激烈的竞争

10. shrug off 对……耸肩表示不屑一理，轻视，摆脱

11. spotless 无污点的，纯洁的

12. shed 摆脱，抛弃

13. annihilate 歼灭

14. bequeath 赠送，把……传给后代

15. sanity 头脑清醒健全

难句译注：

1. convict haircut. Convict 义：罪犯。罪犯和短发两字合在一起为“囚犯理的发式”。但在这里其含义根据上下文决定。前面讲到“谁说世界上所有的男人都应穿浅灰色的西装”，后面只能译成“剪成像罪犯似的短发呢”。本义有haircut义：修理整齐的短发。整齐划一表示绅士派的工作人中作风正派，认真负责，一丝不苟的精神。作者用了convict罪犯一字表示讽刺：“罪犯也是整齐划一的短发跟绅士们的要求一样，难道他们也是作风正派，认真负责，一丝不苟吗?”

写作方法与文章大意：

这是一篇论及“代沟”的文章。主要采用对比手法，一开始就提出了一个老问题：“老人们经常说年轻人不是从前那样了。这一评语代代相传，永远是对的，而今天比以前任何时候更正确。”下面几段就论述他们之不同点以及对比老少两代人的态度。