专四英语考试备考练习题2018

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　　Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semi-permanentchange o f residence".

"This broad definition, of course, would include a move acrossthe street or a cross a city. Our concern is with movementbetween nations, not with internal migration within nations,although such movements often exceed internationalmovements in volume. Today, the motives of people who moveshort distances are very similar to those of internationalmigrants".

Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual'sdecision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. Apush factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or astraumatic as war, or sever e famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointedat their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do in fluencytheir choice of destination).

Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such asbetter job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factorin attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add upto an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the placeof origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the decidingfactor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at leastfellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomerssettle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.

Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even ifpush and/or pull factors are very strong they still may b e outweighed by intervening obstacles,such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering thenew country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.

The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The samepush-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because theyare at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. Theprospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environmentmay app ear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to aslightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language andcustoms may excite one person and frighten another.

Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The UnitedStates and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave ofimmigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest paid jobs and are resented by nativepeople who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decadesfor each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

1. The author thinks that pull factors ______.

A. are all related to economic considerations

B. are not as decisive as push factors

C. include a range of considerations

D. are more important than push factors

2. People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the following EXCEPT ______.

A. personality’s B. education

C. marital status D. abilities

3. The purpose of the passage is to discuss ______.

A. the problems of international migrants

B. the motives of international migrants

C. migration inside the country

D. migration between countries

1. C) 根据第三段可知pull factors不仅和economic considerations有 关，还和non-economicconsiderations有关，由此可排除选项A。选项B和D在文中没有提 及，故只有C为正确答案。

2. B) 此题为细节题。根据第五段可知惟有education没有提及。

3. B) 此题为主旨题。通过阅读该文可知文章主要是讲述促使人们在国际 间移民的因素，这与选项B相符。