增强新托福口语回答连贯性的六条原则
口语的连贯性对于托福口语的评分来说,是很重要的一个环节,那么我们该如何增强口语的.连贯性呢?下面就和小编一起来看看吧。
一、 运用总分总的结构
Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:
Introductory statement
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Concluding statement
An example of this pattern is shown below:
Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.
1. way of obtaining specimens
2. spares can be released into the wild
3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators
The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.
二、运用连接词
Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.
These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.
三、解释或定义陌生概念
In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:
My hobby is telemark skiing.
If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:
That means skiing using telemark skis.
Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:
1. State the word or phrase to be defined.
2. Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.
3. Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.
Read this example of an effective definition:
Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at
the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.
四、正确使用平行结构
Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:
My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.
The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivating assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.
五、对关键词进行替换或同义转换
When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had all done the assignment.
This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.
The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.
六、时态、人称和数量的统一
Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:
My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag.
The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.
The listener could follow this speaker's ideas better if the speaker were consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:
One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave each group a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling the other members of the group a story involving that object.
-
2016年托福考试如何迅速构思作文
托福考试中,我们写作文的时间一般不多,那么如何在托福考试有限的时间内快速构思作文呢?小编下面要给各位2016年托福考试的烤鸭们分析一下。新托福写作备考的构思主要是指规划文章的整体框架结构,也就是我们通常说的写提纲。写提纲是为了帮助考生确定并理清自己的...
-
2016托福听力高分备考技巧
新托福由四部分组成,分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。每部分满分30分,整个试题满分120分。下面是yjbys网小编提供给大家关于托福听力高分备考技巧,希望对大家的备考有所帮助。首先,最重要的一点是每一个同学都应该找到最适...
-
托福TPO26综合写作范文及材料原文
斑马贻贝,一种原产于东欧的淡水贝类,早已从原来的'栖息地传播出去,现在已到达北美洲的部分地区。托福TPO26综合写作阅读材料认为控制不了斑马贻贝的蔓延。对当地生物造成影响,听力材料反驳了这种观点。下面是小编分享的材料原文和参考范文,希望能对大家有所帮助!托...
-
2016托福阅读出题点总结
TOEFL的阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的扫读法、跳读法和略读法也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质(essence)问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?以下是yjbys网小编整理的关于托福阅读出题点总结,供大家参考。托福阅读出题点(1...