2017英语六级口语练习题美文背诵

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　　American Revolution

The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political andsocial framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were alreadyindependent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During theconflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them werenot seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communitiesscarcely knew that a war was on.

America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One wasCanada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from thethousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, whichbecame a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.

Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In somestates, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule alreadyexisting. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.

　　Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and ,in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in partfrom his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods ofeconomic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.

Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also feltstrongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposedcharity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to helpthemselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.

Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and amuseum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part ofCarnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute ofWashington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.

Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.

Hiscontributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communitiesthroughout the country and fo

　　The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning ofdrama in ancient Greece. The on most widelyaccepted today is based on the assumption thatdrama evolved from ritual. The argument for thisview goes as follows. In the beginning, human beingsviewed the natural forces of the world-even theseasonal changes-as unpredictable, and theysought through various means to control theseunknown and feared powers. Those measures whichappeared to bring the desired results were thenretained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose whichexplained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, butthe stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites containedthe seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entirecommunity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importancewas attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumedthat task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, orsupernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations wereseparated from religious activities.

Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. Accordingto this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first throughthe use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through theassumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theaterto those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animalmovements and sounds.