初三英语上册语法知识点

　　初三英语上册知识点：疑问词+不定式动词结构

英语有个很有用的结构，就是：疑问词+不定式动词(question word + to-infinitive)。

疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外，连接词“whether”也适用。

“疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种：

⑴当主语，如：

● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

● Where to live is a problem.

● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

⑵当宾语，如：

● We must know what to say at a meeting.

● He could not tell whom to trust.

● Do you know how to play bridge?

⑶当补足语，如：

● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

● The question is who to elect.

⑷当名词同位语，如：

● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

⑸当宾语补足语，如：

● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如：

● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.

● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如：

● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.

● Have you told him where to get the application form?

综上所述，可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新，既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构，可以多多运用。

　　初三英语上册知识点：垂悬结构

所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分，如分词短语，不定式动词短语等，找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法，应该避免。

下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法：

⒈垂悬分词或分词短语，如：

① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.

这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二：

(a)确定是逻辑主语，使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”

(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”

⒉垂悬副词短语，如：

② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么逻辑关系呢?真正的逻辑主语应该是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例①同：

(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.

(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

⒊垂悬不定式动词短语，如：

③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.

④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.

这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主语必须是“ 人”，如：

(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.

(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.

上述三类垂悬结构中，第一类发生的频率最高，必须注意。但是在下列三种情况下，分词短语是对的，它们并非垂悬结构：

第一，独立结构(The Absolute Construction，见3月7日《中英合谈》)中的分词短语有自己的主语，所以不是垂悬结构。例如：

① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.

第二，当分词含有介词或连词性质时，它不需要逻辑主语，所以没有垂悬问题存在。例如：

② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.

③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.

第三，当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时，也不需要逻辑主语，因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如：

④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.

⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.

　　初三英语上册知识点：形容词后缀不可乱加

下面这则广告中的形容词“irresistable”里的后缀( suffix)不对，应该把“-able”改为“-ible”：

“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”

到底是“-able”，还是“-ible”?这两者有何不同?

现在先从形容词的其他后缀谈起。

形容词后缀分两大类。一类是加到名词上的;另一类是加到动词上的。

㈠加到名词上的主要有：① -y，如：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly，如：costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful，如：careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less，如：careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious，如：dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial，如：accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic，如：artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish，如：childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like，如： life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en，如：skilled, horned, golden, wooden.

　㈡加到动词上的有：① -ent/-ant，如：dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible，如： agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en，如：advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing，如：annoying, disgusting, entertaining.

-able/ible 出现在第二类后缀中，“-able”后缀的形容词属英语体系的字：“-ible”后缀的形容词则来自拉丁体系。前者数量大，后者数量少，主要的是下面这些，可以特别留意：

accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.

现在顺便把名词、动词和副词主要后缀提出，作为参考：

⑴名词后缀

-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。这些名词后缀都要加到适当的动词上，如：arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant.

-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等，可以加到适当的形容词上如：darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.

⑵动词后缀：

加到名词上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate，如：frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.

加到形容词上的有 -ise/-ize, -en，如：modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.

⑶副词后缀：

-ly，可以加到形容词和某些名词上，如：beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.

每个后缀都有一定的意思，但不能脱离词根独立生存，这点要特别注意，以免犯错。

　　初三英语上册知识点：代名词不出错

名词的误用，特别是代名词的数和所指引的主语的数不符，使得后头谓语动词的.数也跟着出差错，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不可不察。

这里要指出一些方向，以避免因代名词的错误而使句子的意思模糊不清。

怎样避免代名词的错误呢?

㈠不要用同个代名词指引两个性别一样的名词，如：

① Mr Li told Mr Lin that he was wrong.

这里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，含糊不清。应该改为 ②或③：

② Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "I am wrong."

③ Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "You are wrong."

㈡避免把代名词和它所指引的名词隔开太远，如：

④ The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable.

这里的代词 it 离开名词 the bench 太远，结果关系不清楚，因为在位置上，它更适合指引 the plan.在这种情况下，只好避开 it，而用名词，即 the bench.

㈢避免滥用指示代词“this, that”或关系代词“who, which, that”泛指上文的内容。例如：

⑤ Tom's brother is an accountant, and this is the profession everyone envies."

这里的 this 指“accountant”。“会计师”是一种专业人士，和后头的“专业”(profession)并不相称，因此要把 this 改为 accountancy(会计工作)，才合句子的意思。

⑥ The profit from the business was large, which I realised sometime later.

这里的“which I realised sometime later”是句形容词分句，应该出现在先行词后面，不应该脱离出来而独立。如果要用它来修饰全句话，更不合逻辑，应该改为⑦或⑧：

⑦ I realised sometime later that the profit from the business was large.(主句 + 名词分句)

⑧ The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.(单句 + 单句)

㈣避免用代名词“they, you, it”影射脑子里的事物，如：

⑨ In Singapore, it relies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue.

这里的 it 指向什么呢?如果是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促进局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it：

⑩ In Singapore, the government……

In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board……

In less industrialised countries, they do not know the problems of urban development.

这里的代名词 they 是不是指 the people(人民)?如果是就用吧。In less industrialised countries, the people……过后，要再提这主语时，才用 they：……the people……They are only interested in their daily life.

其实，在这种主语不详的情况下，被动语态是最好的选择：

In less industrialised countries, the problems of urban development are not known.

初三英语下册知识点：被动语态的动词

主动语态比被动语态直接而有力，多用主动语态，可以使文章充满朝气，呈现活力。在下列两组句子中， (b)比(a)有力：

(1) first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.

b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.

(2) crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.

b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.

虽然如此，在某些情况下，非用被动语态不可。前此已提过这事，这里不再重述。这里只有指出其中一点，就是有些动词，如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等，通常以被动语态形式出现。

例如：

(1)This survey was based on facts.

(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.

(3)You are expected to come on time.

(4)All are supposed to work hard.

除了上述这些动词之外，还有十种，几乎都以被动式出现。

(一)有关“疾病”的动词，如：

(1)Helen's left lung is infected.

(2)He is confined to the house by illness.

(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.

(二)有关“疲乏”的动词，如：

(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.

(5)Tom was done up after the race.

(三)有关“喜乐”的动词，如：

(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.

(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.

(8) I am very pleased to see you here.

(四)有关“延迟”或“障碍”的动词，如：

(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.

(10)The road was blocked by ice.

(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.

(五)有关“惯性动作”的动词，如：

(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.

(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.

(六)有关“烦恼”或“焦急”的动词，如：

(14)Who was upset by John?

(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.

(七)有关“惊奇”或“震惊”的动词，如：

(16) I was surprised to see him here.

(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.

(八)有关“包围”的动词，如：

(18)The troops were surrounded.

(19)Troy was besieged.

(九)有关“沾污”或“污化”的动词，如：

(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.

(21)The water was contaminated with oil.

(十)有关“害怕”或“混乱”的动词，如：

(22)All were frightened out of their wits.

(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.

要注意的一点是，上面这十类动词有些已渐渐失去了动词力量，转化为惯用语。