荷兰首都-阿姆斯特丹的英语文章阅读
荷兰首都-阿姆斯特丹
Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Amsterdam, seaport and principal city of the western Netherlands, in North Holland Province, near The Hague(海牙). Amsterdam is the country's constitutional capital; the real seat of government, however, is in The Hague. Amsterdam is divided by more than 80 km of canals into about 90 islands joined by about 400 bridges.
Amsterdam, chartered as a city in 1300, became a member of the Hanseatic League(汉萨同盟) in 1369. In the 17th century, after the successful conclusion of the Dutch wars for independence from Spain, Amsterdam became the chief commercial center of northern Europe. The city held this position until the late 18th century, when trade declined as a result of the silting(淤积;淤塞) of the Zuider Zee(须德海) and the British blockade before and during the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815). In 1810 Napoleon incorporated the Netherlands into the French Empire. After his downfall(衰败,垮台) the Netherlands regained its independence and the seat of government was moved to The Hague. In the latter part of the 19th century, commercial activities revived with the opening of the North Sea and North Holland canals. During World War II (1939-1945), Amsterdam was occupied by the German army for five years. The people suffered great hardship and the port was badly damaged, but it has since been rebuilt and improved.
Amsterdam is one of the most important commercial centers in Europe. The city is a major port linked to the North Sea and other European countries by a network of railways and canals, notably the North Sea Canal, which is navigable(适于航行的)by oceangoing(远洋航行的) vessels. Among leading industries in the city are shipbuilding, sugar refining, publishing, and the manufacture of heavy machinery, paper products, textiles and clothing, porcelain and glass, aircraft, automobiles, and chemicals. The city is also famous as a center for polishing and cutting diamonds and as the chief financial center of the Netherlands. A major European stock exchange is located in Amsterdam, as are the Bank of the Netherlands and several insurance firms.
Amsterdam has been an important center of European cultural life since the 17th century. The city is the site of the National Academy of Art, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, and the University of Amsterdam (1632). Its Rijksmuseum(阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆) contains one of the largest collections of Dutch and Flemish paintings in the world, and its Stedelijk Museum(市立现代美术馆) has an extensive collection of modern works. The Van Gogh Museum(凡·高博物馆) includes about 800 works by 19th-century painter Vincent van Gogh(文森特 · 凡高)in its collection. Amsterdam is also noted as the home of the renowned 17th-century painter Rembrandt(伦布兰特); his home is now a museum. The Concert-gebouw, completed in 1883, is the home of Amsterdam's renowned orchestra. The city has numerous examples of 16th- and 17th-century architecture, as well as two historic churches: Oude Kerk (Old Church), built about 1300, and Nieuwe Kerk (New Church), built in the 15th century. The royal palace, originally built in the 17th century as the town hall, stands on a large square in the center of the city.
-
藤野先生读后感(精选27篇)
当阅读完一本名著后,相信大家都积累了属于自己的读书感悟,需要好好地就所收获的东西写一篇读后感了。到底应如何写读后感呢?以下是小编为大家整理的藤野先生读后感,希望对大家有所帮助。藤野先生读后感篇1恩师是让人怀念的,特别是当你身处异国时,经常会让你觉得孤独...
-
小学教师代表开学典礼讲话稿(通用13篇)
在快速变化和不断变革的今天,我们用到讲话稿的地方越来越多,讲话稿通过讲话人口头表达后,可以起到传播真理、经验,抒发感情,发表意见的作用。你写讲话稿时总是无从下笔?以下是小编为大家整理的小学教师代表开学典礼讲话稿,欢迎大家分享。小学教师代表开学典礼讲话稿1...
-
开学典礼高一新生代表讲话稿(精选12篇)
在充满活力,日益开放的今天,我们很多时候都不得不用到讲话稿,讲话稿是应用写作研究的重要文体之一。那么讲话稿一般是怎么写的呢?以下是小编整理的开学典礼高一新生代表讲话稿,欢迎大家分享。开学典礼高一新生代表讲话稿1尊敬的各位领导、老师,亲爱的同学们:大家上午...
-
开学第一课观后感(精选33篇)
当品味完一部作品后,这次观看让你有什么领悟呢?是时候抽出时间写写观后感了。那么我们如何去写观后感呢?下面是小编帮大家整理的开学第一课观后感,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。开学第一课观后感篇1每年的《开学第一课》是我最爱看的节目,我听从班主...