托福长难句分析方法主要有哪些

词汇说完了,英语零基础如何学托福接下来就是长难句子分析了。下面是本站小编整理的托福长难句分析方法，希望对你有帮助。

　　托福长难句分析方法

1. 定义：如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示。

2. 分析方法：对于难度较大的简单句，阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾，找出句子的主干，忽略其他的成分，将长句变成短句，将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。

3. 复杂的简单句解析：

(1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语

例 hold people accountable for their actions is important.

中文译文：督促人们为自己的行为负责是十分重要的。

结构分析：不定式短语to hold people accountable for their action 做主语。

(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语

例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative so lutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.

中文译文：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出交易和妥协。

结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)。在阅读中经常出现“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中a 与b 同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。

　　读懂托福阅读长难句

<1>因果结构

例题1 (OG: Desert Formation)：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解题步骤：

1. 观察题干，发现表示隐形因果的短语result from

2. 浏览选项，发现A和B选项含有因果关系

3. 分析原句：原句中“因”：1). 大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land; 2). 大量受到影响的人口tremendous numbers of people;3).很难去减慢或者颠覆沙漠化过程reverse or slow the process; 原句中“果”：沙漠化是一个严重serious的问题;分析A选项：“因”：1). reverse process; 2). affect large areas of land; 3). affect great numbers of people; “果”：沙漠化是一个significant的问题

<2>让步转折结构

例题2 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：

In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition, its signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.

B. In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.

C. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.

D. Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor,these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.

解题步骤：

1. 分析题干，发现表转折的逻辑关系词but; 前半句“yellow and green会是最亮的颜色在低层森林中”;后半句“但是如果动物所处的background是yellow or greenish, 那么动物发出该种颜色的信号将不明显”

2. 分析选项：只有D选项含有表让步转折的逻辑词although,进而分析句意：前半句：“虽然green and yellow在森林底层颜色最亮”;后半句：“在环境也是green to yellow的情况下，这些颜色将是poor signals”

3. 原句与选项在句子的结构上符合：转折结构;在语义上符合：lowest level of the forest = forest floor, Not very visible = poor signals

<3>比较结构

例题3 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：

In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.

B. In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.

C. The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.

D. Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.

解题步骤：

1. 分析原句，原句主要讲pollinator (insects & birds); plant; wind这三者之间的关系：具体来看是在比较对于plant来说，pollinator(insects & birds)要比windmore efficiently地帮助其distribute pollen and disperse seeds, 属于典型的比较关系

2. 分析选项，首先只有D选项含有比较关系，具体来看：animals & insects要比windmore effectively地去distribute pollen and seeds

3. 原句与选项在句子的结构上符合比较结构，语义上符合

事实信息题中的长难句----“众里寻他千百度，所考信息在一处”

与句子简化题中所考的长难句不同(主要考察考生是否能把握住句子的主干信息)，事实信息题的出题点针对的有可能只是该长难句的某一处细节信息。因此，考生针对这两种不同的题型，解读长难句的视角也应该有所不同。

例题1(OG: Desert Formation)：

These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?

A. Lack of proper irrigation techniques

B. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area

C. Removal of the original vegetation

D. Excessive use of dried animal waste

解题步骤：

1. 读题干，找出定位词raising crops

2. 回原文进行定位，定位到本段第二句since…

3. 分析定位句：“原因状语从句 + 主句”，浏览选项，只有C选项与原句的.前半部分意思一致，同义转换部分：natural vegetation = original vegetation

　　写好托福作文中的长难句的技巧

1)使用同义词。

比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词，这些词出现的尤为频繁。要学会用同义词来替换它们。

在综合写作中教授说话不能总是用think，还可以用believe, consider, deem, figure out。在托福独立写作中表示近来的时间状况用nowadays，还可以用recently,currently, at present, in recent years, these days

再比如表示重要的词有important，一篇文章如果要求描写某物重要，不能只写important这一个词吧，和它类似的还有necessary, crucial, essential, vital, significant , indispensable, momentous, 如果还需要再变化，就可以用下面的改变词性的方法。

2)改变词性。

n.→ Adj.　比如：important改成be of importance

n. → v.　When we look at a comparison between A and B…

When we compare A and B…

Adj. → n.

There are a variety of solutions to the problem.

There are various solutions to the problem.

3)更换使用不同的承接词。承接词不仅连接段落和段落，还连接句子和句子。熟识一些常用的承接词对写作将会有极大的作用。

because of → due to, owing to, because, as, since, for

but → however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas

so → therefore, hence, thus, consequently

4)形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改，会达到非比寻常的效果。

Eg: not as easy as…→more difficult than…

Not uncommon→common

The cheapest → the least expensive

其次，是句型的使用。在新托福写作部分，评分标准中非常重要的一项就是句型结构，要求句型结构做到丰富多变。例如下面的典型美句，就可以让你的文章加分：

1)it句

It is delightful to have friends from distant lands.

It is undeniable that…

It is obvious that…

2)双否句

it is by no means uncommon to find…

…never fails to …

3)倒装句

So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasiblemeasures to deal with it.

Only through education can we rise in the world.

此外，美国人的另一特点就是注重具体内容。即要求我们写的作文具体化。新托福写作的宗旨在于communicating information。中文经过长久的发展，追求的是含蓄、抽象，用最少的话来表达深刻的思想，但美国人思维却是具体的。如果按照中国人思维写作，美国人会无法领会，我们的托福作文也就只能得低分。

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